Intensive numerical models (finite element and modified point method) are being developed by several groups to elucidate failure and injury mechanisms of high strain rate events associated with ballistic impacts and blast. These models depend upon accurate determination of material properties such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, and rupture modulus.

It is well known that biological materials exhibit visco-elastic (strain rate dependent) behavior. Many previous studies to quantify this sensitivity focused on strain rates typically applied during blunt force trauma (falls, impacts, auto accidents). These strain rates are orders of magnitude smaller than those applied by a ballistic or blast pressure wave. Therefore, results from such experiments cannot be extrapolated with confidence.